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[Music]

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[Applause]

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I want to talk about the work that we're

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doing at the space sciences lab at

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Berkeley on microfluidic detection this

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is the first time I've been at this

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meeting but you should realize that I've

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been working in the microphone micro

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fluidics area for about twenty years

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mostly on genomics and high sensitivity

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and litical detection and then I

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connected up with Jeff bada with the EXO

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Mars mission and the URI instrument and

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got into this direction which is a lot

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of fun my collaborators are Anna

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Butterworth and at the space sciences

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lab at Berkeley James knew and Laura

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cast out postdocs and Mattin goals our

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we're working with John Q Kim at Texas

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Tech on the micro fluidics and the micro

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processing fluid motion the impact work

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that feeds into the EO a is being done

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at the impact group at Kent and we're

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also collaborating with Amanda Stockton

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at Georgia Tech now the basic idea is

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there a pointer on this thing this looks

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okay the basic idea is a core

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microfluidic analyser you've heard about

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seee before this is integrated into

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these components that basically enable

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us to do high sensitivity organic

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analysis and their variety of inputs in

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case Enceladus you have particles coming

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into a plume capture system for the Moab

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application which could be landed on

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Enceladus or Europa you have a sample

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funnel you've heard this all before the

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with our hundred picomolar sensitivity

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we meet the detection requirements that

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came of the science definition team and

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but for Enceladus it gets a little

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trickier because instead of getting one

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gram of material you're only getting a

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few attends to hundreds of micrograms so

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we've been doing a lot of work figuring

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out the capture process and organic

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survival and so far basically in terms

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of defining mission feasibility it looks

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like we get significant organic capture

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and survival up to about three

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kilometer per second impacts and a

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slower is a bit better that means in one

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pass you get an interesting result of

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forty part per billion detective 'ti but

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probably not enough for life detection

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but with ten passes you get into a

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regime where that would be actually

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quite interesting

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now the basic concept of this I'll go

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through quickly is looking for bio

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focusing and amplification of molecular

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complexity caused by life that

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amplification can be fatty acid chain

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lake variation and chirality amino acid

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focusing and so on but the big point

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about this is that molecular analysis is

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highly leveraged because for example on

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earth bacterial cell gives you a billion

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readout mechanisms such as amino acids

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so there's a ten to the nine gain when

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you look at the molecular components of

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a cell so the idea is to label those

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biosignature molecules and to do

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functional group specific fluorescent

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dyes so we segregate the molecular

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population and then go on to electro

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phoretic analysis now a little heritage

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this was first developed at the

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prototype stage in our group by Jim

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Shearer some fifteen years ago

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confocal detection a stack of wafers two

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pieces of glass here that define the

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capillary electrophoresis channel and

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micro fluidics I'll tell you about for

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manipulating things on the chip at a

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very low volume confocal laser

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fluorescence gets you a hundred

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picomolar sensitivity and the basic

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point is if you can't you know if you

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don't see it it doesn't matter so high

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sensitivity is really critical in this

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game now a key part of this is the

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manipulation of the fluids and back in

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2003 we'll Grover my group invented

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these pneumatic valves where you apply a

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pneumatic pressure to essentially open a

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deformable membrane to open a valve or

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close it these are normally closed

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valves you can gain three together to

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make a pump as was described early in

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the conference and we invented it we

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patented it's actually part of a

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commercial product so

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a thermal Fisher right now it was

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actually quite successful and enables

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doing quite a few interesting things now

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illustrating this functional group

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specific labeling if you take carboxylic

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acids and hit them with cascade blue you

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can light those up selectively here's an

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example from a hobby Batcave this is a

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my air in my life when I was doing field

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trials so it's a very high sensitivity

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apparatus everybody else you try to

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analyze bat I bet you can't do it

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okay

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we can also label aldehydes and ketones

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this is my most famous paper where we

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actually analyze various wines from the

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California industry got the highest

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citation of any paper I ever did you can

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also of course label amines and amino

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acids this is a separation about 50

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different components which is just a

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standard but basically like everybody

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else we went to the Atacama Desert

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we ran subcritical a supercritical water

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extraction we did an analysis we saw

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part per billion detective attea saw

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chirality Atacama Desert and notice that

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was published in 2007 so we did this

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like over ten years ago okay so that's

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the end of my prototype instrument field

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trials life and I said I'm done with

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this I'm going to focus on making flight

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instruments that are basically

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specifically designed in their in their

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physical layout I and the material as

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you put it and everything else so we

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transform directly to flight with these

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technologies so that's how it fits

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together there's this core organic

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analyzer the Moab thing which is IC to

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funding has just started there's a

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component which is accommodation now

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that we have specific science goals that

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came up with the SDT we have you know

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specific target concentrations and

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separations we want to do or get going

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on that and the sample input this sample

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input is a funnel it is purely sort of

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notional because we just had the meeting

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with the academy's guys to figure out

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what the nature of that sample tourette

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transport is going to be but it will

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obviously be introduction of solid

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filtration and generating fluids so what

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is the state of the core analyzer that's

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outlined here and I'll go through it the

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basic point here

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first there's a macro fluidic system

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that's been designed by the engineers at

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JPL and I should point a point out here

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that my focus here isn't on making very

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simple very robust technology I TR L

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that is designed by people who have

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built flight instruments before we want

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a simple we're going to integrate it we

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want a totally autonomous and we want to

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do one thing really well and have low

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risk so the macro fluidics is shown here

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where we have the gas reservoirs

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pneumatics and water storage chambers

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that's in green in this CAD design and

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you can see the hard components that we

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fabricated here the chip that I'll go

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into in more detail is contained in this

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orange structure and here's a picture of

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the chip in the prototype fabricated

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chamber there's also a confocal

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detection system so on at purple that

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fits in here and now I'm going to go

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through all these various components now

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an important part about this is sort of

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the transfer function this is what we

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cook so to level one requirements how do

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you get from you know one gram of

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material with 0.1 ppb organics all the

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way through to 100 picomolar detection

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at our detection system and this shows

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that a transfer function I think in the

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interest of time I'm not going to read

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all these numbers to show you that it

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exists and we've worked it out in a part

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part about this for others is that after

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we get roughly one milliliter of

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dissolved and filtered material we

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really only need 100 microliters of this

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so most likely there's about 900

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microliters that can go to other

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instruments and these results allow us

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to meet all the science goals that are

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defined by the science definition team

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for Europa now so here is image of the

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chips we're not making this wafer you

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can see the separation channel it is the

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cross and the separation a lot you've

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heard a lot of talks about this so I

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won't go through the details

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these are fabricated in the Nano lab at

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Berkley on 100 millimeter wafers it's

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two pieces of glass one surface is

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etched there then the thermally fused

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together this channel format 15

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centimeters long there

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100 by 30 micron cross-section channels

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we're using two channels because you

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know if you get to Europa and one of

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them clogs you're kind of screwed so

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we're doing redone two redundant

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separation channels and detection

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systems and you get these very fast

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separations that have already been

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talked about the main point is that you

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know you can make these things you can

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carry them around in your suitcase Kevin

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can look at you know this is very robust

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solid technology and what you have to

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remember is what I just showed you has

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the C II system it has all the valves it

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has all the fluidic processing there are

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no external Swagelok connectors of

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tubing it's just a chunk of stuff that

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you can pass around okay it's very

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robust

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so the fluidic system that I just handed

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to Kevin is what we call a programmable

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microfluidic analyzer this is made by

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jungkook Kim at Texas Tech and if you go

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around this these circumferential inputs

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are the pneumatic inputs those are

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indicated in blue so here there are four

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inputs that control these valves that

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control the filling of the C II system

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these ganged inputs control the central

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processor this is essentially a

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programmable automaton that allows you

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to route fluids to any point that was

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invented by will Grover in my group and

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this is an array of sample storage

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reservoirs the sample is pumped to the

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reservoirs by that macro fluidic system

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and then we use these three valve pumps

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to move fluids around and mix the sample

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with the reagents and get a reaction and

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I showed you the CAD here's a picture of

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the device and here's the device so

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we've gone all the way okay so these

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systems are very nice we're currently

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integrating that chip into this manifold

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this is a circular manifold it has the

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solenoids the connection being the

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solenoids are controlling pressure and

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vacuum that go into the chip and control

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the valves so it's a nice compact

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structure that's really no bigger than

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100

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millimeter diameter wafer you can see

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the high voltage inputs that come in the

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chip is covered so we have an ambient

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pressure over it over the any fluids

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that are exposed so we don't have to

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deal with evaporation and

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electrochemical breakdown the valve

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manifold and all of that has been

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assembled here we're using pigtails to

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connect the circuit board up to the

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manifold but it can be also directly

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soldered in place and all of this makes

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up what we call a technology

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demonstration unit which is being has

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actually just been assembled in our lab

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and is now undergoing functional testing

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and I point out this is all designed by

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the engineers at space sciences lab this

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is the format that will fly every

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component we're putting in here every

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design is designed to be flyable flyable

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material a component that has flight

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heritage or a component that has a

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pathway to flight so the overall

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structure of this is shown here this is

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the AOA tdu assembly of course we just

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got Moab mommy so we haven't built

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anything with it yet so this is really

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an outline of the eoa here's the cat of

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the system the power supplies are

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conventional because they didn't get

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money to build those the chips going in

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there here's the manifold the macro

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fluidics

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there's the confocal detection system

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and for eoa of course there's a particle

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capture system but the patents pending

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on that structure so I can't show it to

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you we'll probably talk more about how

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you achieve those detection

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sensitivities for eroded enceladus

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impacts probably at aju in december so

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last slide the Berkeley Space Sciences

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lab is really pioneering the fabrication

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of these microfluidic instruments

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characterizing organic biomarkers

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I think functional group specific

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labeling really enables you to segregate

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the market or population and is very

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agnostic it's not just amino acids

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basically any molecule that shows up

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with aldehyde ketone amine or carboxylic

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acid whatever whatever life gives us our

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life doesn't give us we can label it and

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we can segregate it and we can detect it

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with high sensitivity and we expect to

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be at Tierra

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six with a clear pathway to seven by

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basically somewhere between 20 21 and 20

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22 which unfortunately now looks like it

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might be early but we'll see what

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happens okay so thank you very much

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frank post buck fu berlin so i can the

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system handle salt saturated prawns does

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that matter

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kenny hander what can the system salt

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saturated brines yes we were the first

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to show that you could handle such rated

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brian we actually got samples from the

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saline valley in death valley and the

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way you do that is there's there's two

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solutions one that zach mentioned

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already was dilution but the key part

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about that is there's there's two key

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points one is you make sure you pick a

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buffer which has sufficient buffer

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capacity to deal with any high or low pH

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we did ryo-san Rio Tinto samples to I

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can send you a reference for a paper on

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this but you know the key the killer is

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if you dilute you the sensitivity and

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that's why we developed these Pacific

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blue reagents which actually got us by a

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factor of a hundred times better

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sensitivity than the earlier work we did

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when we are working with Jeff so it you

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the basic point is if you have super

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high sensitivity you can use you can

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trade that sensitivity to solve problems

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and you've described one of the problems

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that we solved with that exploiting that

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sensitivity excellent